Risus Sardonicus

Risus sardonicus (sometimes called sardonic smile) is a highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning.

The name of the condition derives from the appearance of raised eyebrows and an open "grin" - which can appear malevolent to the lay observer - displayed by those suffering from these muscle spasms.

Causes

It is most often observed as a sign of tetanus. Poisoning with strychnine may result in a risus sardonicus.

In 2009 scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont in Italy claimed to have identified hemlock water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) as the plant responsible for producing the sardonic grin. This plant is the most-likely candidate for the "sardonic herb," which was a neurotoxic plant used for the ritual killing of elderly people in pre-Roman Sardinia.

In popular culture

The condition was the inspiration behind the 1981 track Sardonicus by UB40, on their album, Present Arms. The song has strong political linkages with false smiles.

Arthur Conan Doyle's hero Sherlock Holmes uses the term to describe the facial distortion of the murder victim Bartholomew Sholto in his story The Sign of the Four.

Risus Sardonicus is also known as the Hippocratic Smile

In various Batman comics The Joker often kills his victims with toxins that induce Risus Sardonicus.

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4 Ways to Strengthen Your Immune System

Hype about immune boosters can end up putting a real pinch your wallet. Here are tips you can bank on.

By Christopher Woolston

1. Go nuts for E. Immune cells can’t function without proper nutrition, says Simin Meydani, PhD, director of the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center at Tufts University. "In an outbreak, a deficiency of nutrients can be as dangerous as not washing your hands," she says. But many people don't get enough vitamin E, a proven immune enhancer, says Patricia Sheridan, PhD, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. You need at least 15 mg of E daily, she says, which you can get in a generous handful of almonds (7 mg of E per ounce). The elderly and people with weakened immune systems may need a supplement of 200 mg of E, Meydani believes.



Most people don't get enough vitamin E, a proven immune enhancer.


In her study of nursing home residents, supplementing with that amount cut the risk of colds and flu by about 20 percent. Don't take more, though: One highly publicized study suggested that high doses (400 mg per day or more) can increase the risk of death.

2. Don't stint on selenium. This trace mineral helps build immune system enzymes. Most people in the United States aren't deficient but could use a little extra to sharpen their immune systems, Sheridan says. She recommends about 55 micrograms, which you can get in a tuna sandwich.

3. Consider popping the "sunshine vitamin." Vitamin D is needed to produce certain germ-killing proteins (a recent study suggests that low levels raise the risk of respiratory infection by more than 35 percent). But many people fall short, says Michael Holick, MD, professor of medicine at Boston University. You can't get much vitamin D from food, so Holick recommends that adults supplement with 1,000 IU a day, plus a multivitamin containing another 400 IU.

4. Work out (but don’t burn out). Even a little exercise can wake up the immune system, says Thomas Lowder, PhD, at the University of Houston. (Exercise that wrecks you for days can actually make you more vulnerable, though.) In a 2006 study, women either exercised moderately five times a week or stretched once a week. By study's end, the exercisers were only one third as likely as the stretchers to be sniffling and sneezing. "Nobody can say for sure how much exercise it takes to improve the immune system," Lowder says. "But it's not much, and it happens very quickly."